| Liberal Theory |
Transformational Theory |
| Cause-effect determinism,certainty |
Probability, randomness |
| Objectivity |
Objectivity/subjectivity |
| One method of study, or path to Truth |
Multiple paths to understanding - Interdisciplinary |
| Masculine |
Masculine/feminine |
| Man--master of nature |
Humanpart of nature |
| Conquer nature |
Nurture and sustain nature - Stewardship |
| Induction |
Induction/deduction/intuition |
| Humans only material beings |
Humans material and spiritual beings |
| Individualism |
Interdependence |
| Reason |
Reason/faith/emotion |
| Self-interests |
Sacrifice |
| Atomism |
Interconnectedness |
| Isolation |
Interaction |
| Ends-oriented |
Process, means morality |
| Hierarchy |
Balance/hierarchy |
| Power = domination |
Power = empowerment of others |
| Strength = aggression |
Strength = patience and assertiveness |
| Stasis |
Dynamic |
| Representative democracy |
Participatory democracy |
| Thesis-antithesis |
Analysis/synthesis |
| Adversarial |
Consensual/mediated |
| Rational choice theory |
Self-actualization theory |
| One-way communication |
Networking |
| Assimilation of differences by dominant culture |
Cooperation among diverse cultures |
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